I pride myself on being a science fiction buff. Asimov, Clark, Wells, Jules Verne — there’s a reason why we’ve all come to love these classics. What makes people so fond of science fiction, though? One may argue that it’s these novel’s uncanny ability to dwell the human mind and foresee things that are yet to happen.
As history has shown, some speculative visions turn out to be remarkably prescient. From predicting technological marvels to foreseeing social changes, certain books and authors have anticipated the future with eerie accuracy. But what drives these forecasts? Are they merely lucky guesses, or do they shape the future as much as they predict it? We don’t know yet, but here are some visionary books that managed to foresee significant developments in technology and society, offering a glimpse into how speculative fiction sometimes becomes reality.
18th Century: The Birth of Futuristic Predictions
The first recorded instance of literary futurism might come as a surprise. In 1735, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels included an astonishingly accurate astronomical prediction. Swift speculated that Mars had two moons — a fact not confirmed by scientists until over 150 years later, in 1877, when astronomer Asaph Hall discovered Mars’s satellites, Phobos and Deimos.
Swift’s choice of two moons was based on creative speculation, as his description was not founded on any scientific evidence of the time. Yet, his intuition turned out to be right.
Swift’s work, primarily a satire, may not have intended to forecast astronomy’s future, yet it illustrates how fiction can stumble into the realm of truth. In a time when scientific observation was limited, works like Gulliver’s Travels unwittingly kickstarted a tradition of speculative fiction that would grow exponentially in the following centuries.
19th Century Visionaries: Verne and Wells Take Center Stage
The 1800s saw a surge in literary speculation that began to align more closely with scientific advancement. This period was marked by the works of two legendary authors: Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, whose novels predicted groundbreaking technological advancements.
Jules Verne’s Flights of Fancy — and Engineering
Jules Verne, often hailed as one of the fathers of science fiction, made several remarkable predictions (and some that were way off the mark). His 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon predicted lunar missions that would launch from Florida — a full century before NASA’s Apollo missions took off from Cape Canaveral. Verne even suggested splashdown re-entries similar to those used by astronauts in the early space program.
While Verne’s details may have lacked modern scientific rigor, his vision of space travel were so prescient that they actually inspired real-life engineers and scientists, including early rocketry pioneer Robert Goddard.
But that’s just the start of it.
In Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), Verne also anticipated electric submarines, a concept that would not materialize until the 1960s, nearly a century later. The submarine in his novel, the Nautilus, is equipped with sophisticated electric power, foreshadowing a technology that would later become a reality.
Verne’s detailed, research-based approach lent his works a credibility that many contemporaneous readers found thrilling and plausible. His ability to foresee scientific progress was uncanny — but he wasn’t the only sci-fi visionary.
H.G. Wells: A Prophet of Both Technology and Social Change
H.G. Wells, another titan of speculative fiction, envisioned many future technologies. In The Land Ironclads (1903), Wells described the concept of tanks in warfare, a prediction that became reality during World War I, around 13 years later. His tanks were virtually identical to the armored vehicles that would dominate 20th-century battlefields. Similarly, in When the Sleeper Wakes (1899), Wells predicted automatic doors, which were introduced in real life in the 1960s.
But Wells was not limited to imagining mechanical inventions. His 1914 novel The World Set Free introduced the concept of atomic bombs, long before nuclear physics reached the mainstream. Wells theorized about an explosive device with destructive power fueled by atomic energy — a chillingly accurate foreshadowing of the Manhattan Project and the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Wells’ work didn’t just illustrates how speculative fiction can sometimes lead to philosophical and ethical debates on the dangers and responsibilities of scientific advancement.
Early 20th Century: Fiction Foresees Everyday Technologies
As the 20th century progressed, science fiction writers continued to make predictions, some of which became central to daily life. Their focus began to shift from monumental feats of engineering to smaller, more practical technologies.
Social and Communication Technologies
In Looking Backwards (1888), Edward Bellamy imagined a cashless society where transactions were facilitated by a type of credit card. This idea predated the actual development of credit cards by over 60 years. It wasn’t until 1950 that the first widely accepted credit card was introduced by Diners Club. Bellamy’s vision of cashless transactions reflects his interest in social reform and the growing importance of financial transactions in a rapidly modernizing society.
In a similar vein, H.G. Wells speculated about voicemail in Men Like Gods (1923), a full 57 years before voicemail became widely available. In The Year 2889 (1889), Jules Verne envisioned a “phonotelephote,” an early concept for video calling, which came to life with AT&T’s Picturephone demonstration in 1964, followed by the more ubiquitous video chat technologies of the 21st century. These predictions demonstrate how science fiction anticipates not only specific technologies but also how we interact with them on a personal and social level.
The Birth of Surveillance and Governmental Control
It’s not all fun and positive when it comes to predictions.
George Orwell’s 1984, published in 1948, is perhaps the most iconic and chilling prediction of government surveillance and state control.
Orwell’s depiction of an omnipresent government that uses “telescreens” to monitor citizens was a fictionalized warning, but it has gained new significance in the age of mass surveillance, data tracking, and government oversight. The revelations about the NSA’s surveillance programs in 2013 made Orwell’s vision all too real for many, showing how fiction can act as a prescient critique of potential future abuses of power.
Mid-20th Century: Predicting Space and Virtual Worlds
By the mid-20th century, science fiction was riding high on the wave of technological optimism and the space race, offering predictions that were both futuristic and grounded in emerging technologies.
Space Exploration and Tourism
Arthur C. Clarke, known for his scientifically inspired fiction, made several accurate predictions in his works. In 2001: A Space Odyssey (1951), Clarke anticipated the development of communication satellites, which came into existence in 1965. Clarke also predicted space tourism in A Fall of Moondust (1961), a concept that would not see its first realization until the 21st century with private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin making strides in commercial space travel.
Clarke’s forward-thinking ideas extended to entertainment as well. In The City and the Stars (1956), he envisioned immersive virtual reality video games, a concept that would materialize with the advent of VR technology decades later. Clarke’s scientifically informed approach has solidified his status as a visionary who looked beyond the immediate technological landscape to imagine its long-term evolution.
Bionic Limbs and Human Enhancement
In 1972, Cyborg by Martin Caidin introduced readers to the idea of bionic limbs, imagining a future where technology could replace and enhance human abilities. This prediction found real-life parallels in 2013 with the first bionic leg implant, ushering in an era where prosthetics can replicate — and sometimes exceed — the functionality of natural limbs. This area of science fiction explores the merging of human biology and technology, addressing both the medical possibilities and ethical implications of enhancing the human body.
Late 20th Century: Computers, Cyberspace, and Artificial Intelligence
As the digital age dawned, science fiction increasingly reflected the growing influence of computers and networks. Authors began to explore the implications of connectivity, artificial intelligence, and the nature of consciousness in a wired world.
The Rise of Cyberspace and Hackers
William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984) is often credited with introducing the term “cyberspace” and predicting the rise of computer hackers. Gibson’s novel explored a world where digital networks formed a separate realm for identity, information, and social interaction, accurately capturing the culture that would emerge around the internet in the 1990s. Today’s digital hackers, data breaches, and the global influence of the internet all mirror Gibson’s world, where cyberspace is as real and impactful as the physical world.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Ray Kurzweil’s The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990) anticipated the rise of artificial intelligence, specifically computers surpassing human intelligence. He famously predicted that a computer would beat a human chess champion by 2000, a forecast that came true when IBM’s Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. Kurzweil’s work was deeply rooted in the growing capabilities of computers and served as both prediction and warning about the ethical and existential implications of AI development.
The Blurred Lines Between Fiction and Influence
The relationship between fiction and reality is complex and bidirectional. Society and technology inspire science fiction, but sci-fi does not merely reflect technological advances; it can inspire them.
Many scientists, inventors, and engineers have cited science fiction as an influence in their careers. For instance, NASA’s chief historian has noted that the agency’s moon landing was inspired partly by works of fiction like Verne’s From the Earth to the Moon. Similarly, some cyber-security experts have admitted that reading Gibson’s Neuromancer influenced
As technology continues to accelerate, today’s science fiction is no less ambitious in its predictions. Modern authors tackle issues like artificial intelligence, climate change, genetic engineering, and the ethical quandaries of data privacy, often with as much realism as imagination. The influence of sci-fi on technology is perhaps about to undergo its most spectacular age. Who knows what will come next?
