Most people are aware of cheeses such as Camembert, Gouda, or Feta, but there are hundreds if not thousands of cheese variations out there. It’s virtually impossible to get to know all of them, so here, we’ll have a look at the most common and popular types of cheese.

Diving into cheese

Image credits: Elisa Michelet.

Cheese is one of the world’s most popular foods and has been consumed for thousands of years in all cultures around the world. Cheese is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms, depending both on the characteristics of the milk and the manufacturing process.

Since cheese can be made in so many different ways and with so many different ingredients (which sometimes include mold or herbs), cheeses come in a broad variety. The International Dairy Federation recognizes about 500 different varieties, though there are certainly many more out there that have not received official recognition.

There are also multiple classifications (based on fat content, type of milk, pasteurized/unpasteurized), and there’s no one way to go about it. Here, we’ll only be looking at some of the world’s most popular types of cheese, without following any major classification. So while this is certainly not an exhaustive list, it’s definitely enough to satisfy your cheesy curiosity.

Mozzarella

Mozzarella is often enjoyed in fresh salads, with tomatoes, herbs, and balsamic vinegar. Image credits:
Patricia Tseroshova.

It’s hard to choose one cheese to start the list with, but mozzarella is definitely a worthy contender. Traditionally made from Italian buffalo’s milk, this white, soft, and rather bland cheese is usually sold in soft balls. However, most of the Mozzarella cheeses available today are made from cow’s milk.

Mozzarella is one of the softest and most neutral cheeses you can find. It’s a very popular choice in pizza, as well as in some kinds of pasta and in the famous Caprese salad, with sliced tomatoes and basil.

Cheddar

The classic cheddar — one of the most popular types of cheese in the world. Image credits: Wikipedia.

Cheddar cheese, named after a village in Somerset, England, is just possibly the most popular type of cheese in the world. The US produced approximately 3,000,000,000 lb (1,300,000 long tons; 1,400,000 tonnes) in 2014, and the world just can’t seem to get enough of this type of cheese.

Cheddar tends to have a sharp, pungent, and slightly earthy flavor. The “sharpness” of cheddar is associated with the levels of bitter peptides in the cheese. Cheddar can be a deep to pale yellow (off-white) color, or a yellow-orange color when certain plant extracts are added. It’s commonly sold in variations ranging from “mild” to “mature”, which are also indicative of its strength of flavor.

Camembert

You can smell this image. Image credits: NJGJ.

It’s almost a crime that we took so long to get to French cheese — but we’ll be making up for it now. Le fromage Camembert is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow’s milk cheese. It’s been around for over 200 years, being first created in the late 18th century at Camembert, Normandy, in northern France.

Camembert is a moldy cheese, using special “noble” molds called Penicillium camemberti. The cheese is left to mature for a legally required minimum of three weeks. This creates the distinctive soft, creamy texture of the cheese, as well as the specific Camembert flavor.

Brie

Brie shares many similarities with Camembert, except this type of cheese originates from the Île de France. Brie is also soft cow’s-milk cheese, but it is traditionally made in larger wheels and thus ripens more slowly than the smaller camembert cheeses.

Brie is a rich cheese, although with a subtler flavor than the Camembert. The rind can also be eaten.

Emmental

Emmental is a very old type of cheese produced in Switzerland. The first time the cheese was officially made dates from 1292, although Emmental-types cheeses have been around for much longer.

It’s a yellow, medium-hard cheese, famous for its holes. Fun fact: until recently the holes were a sign of imperfection, and producers would try to avoid them. More recently, they’ve become a part of the brand of the cheese and are appreciated. Emmental cheese is used in a variety of dishes, particularly in gratins, and fondue.

Gouda

This famous Dutch cheese is named after a city in the Netherlands, though nowadays, the name extends to a number of cheeses made in a similar fashion. Gouda is without a doubt one of the world’s most popular cheeses, with a mild taste pleasurable for most people.

The cultured milk is curdled, some of the whey is drained, and water is added to create a sweeter cheese, removing some of the lactose. The cheese is then soaked in brine to add a distinctive, slightly salty taste. The cheese is then dried and coated to prevent it from completely drying out. Gouda is often, though not always, aged. Gouda is a relatively bland cheese suitable for a number of dishes: it works with both red and white wine, is great in sandwiches, and can also be cooked.

Parmesan

Parmesan (or by its full name, Parmigiano-Reggiano) is a solid contender for the world’s best cheese. The cheese-making process is strict: parmesan is made from unpasteurized cow’s milk and pumped into copper-lined vats. The vats are heated evenly and contribute copper ions to the mix. The starting whey is also added, along with the calf rennet, and left to curdle for about 10 minutes. The temperature is raised again, allowing the curdle to settle. The cheese must be aged and monitored for 12 months, and is traditionally only made with milk from cows who have been exclusively fed on grass or hay. The only additive is salt.

Parmesan is a quintessential addition to some traditional Italian dishes such as lasagna or some pastas. It also works well with chicken and vegetables, and it is best served with a good wine — both red or white.

Blue cheese — Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Stilton

There are multiple types of blue cheese, but they all have one thing in common: cultures of the mold Penicillium. The cultures are added to change the product’s taste and aroma and make it so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue mold.

Blue cheese can be eaten on its own or spread on bread, as well as melted into a number of foods. Due to its very distinctive style, it’s kind of a hit or miss — you either love it or you hate it, and there’s not much in between.

White, brined cheese: Feta, Halloumi

The brined white cheeses are particularly popular in the Balkan area in Europe. There is the Bulgarian sirene, the Romanian telemea, and the Greek Feta. These cheeses are matured in brine within an airtight or slightly permeable contained. This process gives the cheese very good stability, meaning that it remain edible for long periods of time, even in warmer climates (which, in centuries, past, was extremely important).

Halloumi is also brined cheese made from a mixture of goat’s and sheep’s milk (and sometimes also cow’s milk), but it is much harder. Its melting point is higher, meaning it can survive grilling or frying without melting.

Fresh cheese: cottage cheese, queso fresco, cream cheese, ricotta mascarpone

Whether it’s fluffy ricotta or soft mozarella, fresh cheese is usually loved for its simple flavor and fresh texture. Fresh cheese usually tastes mild, with potential slight salty or tangy hints.

Fresh cheeses don’t have a rind (much like the white brined cheeses above). The milk is “ripened” with starter cultures that convert the lactose into lactic acid, making the milk thicker and denser. Halloumi, Paneer, and Feta are sometimes considered fresh cheeses as well.

Goat cheese

Goat cheese, as the name implies, is made from goat milk. Contrary to popular belief, it has a very similar fat content to cow or sheep cheese — it is just as healthy (or unhealthy) as other types of cheese.

However, goat cheese also contains fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid (all named for the word Goat in Latin, which is Capra). These acids give goat milk a distinctive tarty flavor cherished by many people around the world.

Colby cheese

Colby is a relatively new type of cheese, developed in 1885 in Colby, Wisconsin. The village of Colby was only three years old when the cheese was named after it, but ironically, Colby cheese has become widely available but it is no longer produced in Colby.

Colby cheese is largely similar to cheddar cheese, but it is softer, moister, and milder. Like other cheeses, it requires large quantities of milk: it takes more than one U.S. gallon of milk to produce a single pound of cheese (over eight liters of milk per kilogram of cheese). It is rarely used for cooking.

Monterey Jack cheese

Now we’re really getting into the American cheeses. Monterey Jack (often shortened to Jack) is an American white cheese, noted for its mild flavor and sweetness.

Monterey Jack cheese was first made by 18th-century Franciscan friars in Monterey, Alta California. It was made popular by businessman David Jacks, and the cheese became known as Monterey Jack. It is often marbled with Colby to produce Colby-Jack, or with yellow cheddar to produce Cheddar-Jack.

Processed cheeses

As if natural cheeses weren’t enough, there’s also a myriad of processed cheeses. Most famously, American cheese is a type of processed cheese made from cheddar, Colby, or similar cheeses.

Processed cheeses are usually made with emulsifiers, but may also contain vegetable oils, salt, food coloring, or sugar. There are many flavors, colors, and textures of processed cheese that exist. That cheese spread or sliced cheese you eat are probably processed cheeses.

So, there you have it — just some of the most popular types of cheese. Remember to consume in moderation!